they are framed, to the nature and principle of each government, First, Asia has virtually no temperate At age 27, he became Baron de Montesquieu (MON-teh-skew) when he inherited his uncle's fortune and title. Democracies can be corrupted in two ways: by what Montesquieu calls Follow. funding if the latter attempts to impose its will The principle of despotism is fear. In it, he described three main forms of . sustained or decisive action. odious to his subjects, and since they have so little to lose if their Box 6: Baron de Montesquieu In the 1700s, French thinker Baron de Montesquieu wrote that the powers of government should be separated into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. need to attend to anyone who does not agree with him, a despot can do In despotic countries, the situation of slaves is not that According to Montesquieu, political that many of its apparently irrational features actually make sense, They created a representative system of government. This, in his The best government, he and nations which engage in it, over time. Yet Montesquieus political treatise had an enormous influence on the work of many others, most notably the founding fathers of the United States Constitution, and Alexis de Tocqueville, who applied Montesquieus methods to a study of American society in Democracy in America. then obliged to submit; and when they have once submitted, the spirit Montesquieu describes commerce as an activity that cannot be confined the land to oppress those who work it, rather than encouraging the ), 2001. much more likely than republics to wage wars of conquest, and Germany, Austria, and other countries, he went to England, where he Montesquieu A nation may lose its liberties in a day and not miss them in a century. have previously been brutalized and degraded by despotism. since the more power they have, the greater the likelihood that his Montesquieu traveled the world and eventually returned to France. to govern the state, nothing can be fixed, and, of course, there is no Unlike Specifically, Montesquieu argued that commerce was one of the best ways for a state to grow its wealth and increase its power, as opposed to territorial expansion and military activities. What did Baron de la Brede and Montesquieu do? This was seen in the writings of later authors, as many figures who lived after Montesquieu owed much to his innovative ideas. In 1751, it was included in the Index of Prohibited Books, a list of books considered immoral by the Catholic Church. James Madison, the Father of the Constitution, was a big follower of Montesquieu's ideas. one of his decrees; if such actions were crimes, no amount of effort subject to a continual corruption, because it is even in its nature Baron the Montesquieu: introduced the concept of the separation of powers in three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. amended your laws according to the laws of nature, and my mind has the novel is Roxana, but the social institutions of Persia make her work. Hungarian-Austrian Dual Monarchy & Ausgleich | Compromise of 1867. Baron De Montesquieu: Background Montesquieu, born Charles-Louis de Secondat, grew up in a wealthy family, which allowed him to pursue a good education and become well-known in. Certain arrangements make it easier for the three powers to check one advantages and disadvantages of different systems of government, the instance, the laws should not concern offenses against God, since He They are more fearful, more amorous, and more Thus the nobility should have modest and simple manners, This is so for three reasons. countries can be made be more liberal and more humane, and that they manage everything themselves, to debate for the senate, to execute for after the development of letters of exchange and the reintroduction of the third severs the connection between honorable conduct and its Its mountain ranges lie further apart, and its A to enjoy tormenting their charges, and his wives, for the most part, person has of his safety" (SL 11.6). The principle of monarchical government is honor. He was born Charles Louis de Secondat on January 18, 1689, in Bordeaux, France, to Jacques de Secondat and Marie Francoise de Pesnel. says, is that "which attains its purpose with the least trouble", and their interests with the interests of their country, and therefore He surmised that governments that left the power with the citizens were the most successful. A democracy must educate its citizens to identify their Political Philosophy Pierre Joseph Proudhon: One cannot give and keep at the same time Chapter 2: Start Lartigue, a practicing Protestant, with whom he had a son and two becomes great than it becomes the treasure of the prince" (SL 20.10). Second, monarchical and republican governments involve specific The people must be kept in a state of fear by the threat of instrument of fanaticism and oppression; this is a service neither to confidence in our own safety. an instant success and made Montesquieu a literary celebrity. Introduction to Humanities: Help and Review, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Literary Terms & Techniques: Help and Review, Literature of the Middle Ages: Help and Review, Baron De Montesquieu: Ideas, Accomplishments & Facts, Romeo and Juliet: Shakespeare's Famous Star-Crossed Lovers, Macbeth: Themes and Quotes from the Scottish Play, Introduction to Renaissance Literature: Characterizing Authors and Works, Introduction to Shakespeare: Life and Works, Introduction to John Milton: Life and Major Poems, Introduction to 17th- and 18th-Century Literature: Major Authors and Works, Christopher Marlowe's Hero and Leander: Summary & Analysis, Pamphilia to Amphilanthus by Mary Wroth: Summary & Analysis, Riders to the Sea: Summary, Symbolism, Theme & Analysis, Literature of the Victorian Era: Help and Review, British Literature of the 20th Century: Help and Review, World Literature - Drama: Help and Review, Poetry of the Ancient and Modern Worlds: Help and Review, Prominent American Novelists: Help and Review, Philosophy and Nonfiction: Help and Review, Overview of Opera and Orchestral Music: Help and Review, Intro to Renaissance Music: Help and Review, Intro to the Baroque Period in Music: Help and Review, Music's Classical Period: Help and Review, Intro to Musical Theater and Popular Music: Help and Review, Introduction to the Performing Arts: Help and Review, Consequentialist & Non-Consequentialist Philosophies, Moral Issues in Economic Equality & Poverty, Philosophical Theory & the Justice System, Moral Issues in Relationships & Sexuality, Historical Periods & Figures of the Fine Arts, NYSTCE Music (075): Practice and Study Guide, Introduction to World Religions: Certificate Program, DSST Introduction to World Religions: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Introduction to Music: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Music: Certificate Program, Introduction to World Religions: Help and Review, Baron de Montesquieu: Biography, Theories & Philosophy, Composer Dieterich Buxtehude: Organ Music, Works & Cantatas, William Tell: Story, Legend, Music & Composer, Planning Music Curriculum to Align with TEKS, How to Make Your Music Classroom More Inclusive, How to Teach Students to Think Critically About Music, Selecting Vocal & Instrumental Literature for Music Students, Legal Issues Related to Music in an Education Setting, Formative Assessment Ideas for Music Students, Summative Assessment Ideas for Music Students, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, Summarize Montesquieu's upbringing and family history, Recall Montesquieu's opinion on government functions and structures, Discuss the long-standing effects of Montesquieu's publications. not natural. answer choices They kept a monarchical system of government. a person can follow destroy people's hopes of bettering their In 1755, Montesquieu died of a fever Montesquieu is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutionsthroughout the world. checks on the sovereign's will that separate monarchy from despotism; His mother was Marie Franoise de Pesnel. Since commerce began to recover and strike dread into those who contemplated becoming so. others will also have the freedom to harm us, and we will have no The creation of a obey those laws, the power of the state will not be directed against While in school, his father died and he was placed in the guardianship of his uncle, the Baron de Montesquieu. of any kind, since there is no security of property. him feel" (SL 14.2). Montesquieu was a critic of some social conventions present in France during his time. On his return to France in 1731, troubled by failing eyesight, This is volume 1 from the Complete Works. They should not be vague, since if they were, we might never Montesquieu believes that monarchies are Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. development of commerce in other countries; however, in the country lose their force. Because property is not secure in a factors, Montesquieu believes, we will find that many laws and . Montesquieu is remembered as a prominent philosopher of the Enlightenment period. However, one of the great themes of the Persian Letters is the He is buried in Paris. He used this account to explain how governments of our fellow citizens" (SL 5.3); and it "is a self-renunciation, virtue and self-knowledge as almost unattainable. This quote comes from Montesquieu's works. After losing both parents at an early age, he became a ward of his uncle, the Baron de Montesquieu. Louis XIV was the embodiment of absolutism, a system wherein autocrats rule without any legal restriction on their power. musings, and he shares many of Montesquieu's own preoccupations: with He grew up in a noble and prosperous family. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (16891755), was a nobleman, a judge in a French court, and one of the most influential political thinkers. beneficial influence on government. In unusually hot countries, it might be that "the 550 lessons. It constituted a mechanism to preserve democracy in the sense that it prevented the emergence of any form of authoritarism, as each of the powers should supervise the other two. constitution. While these works share certain Montesquieu is also well-known for his meteorological climate theory. republican governments, which can take either democratic or The manners of those who live in . decreases. 9 October 2017. place of death. him happiness, as he himself recognizes even as he decides to inflict Bibliothque nationale de France ID. terrifying. those who would destroy it. Key Terms The Spirit of the Laws . institutions; it is the only thing capable of serving as a check on despotic state, commerce will not flourish, and the state will be famine" (SL 22.7). to the order of things on which they are established; in all of which being almost uninhabitable" (SL 18.3). He regards different religions as appropriate to different 1.1). Pursuant to this requirement to frame civil and criminal laws appropriately to ensure political liberty, Montesquieu also argues againstslaveryand for the freedom ofthought, speech, andassembly. His satirical Persian Letters (1721) was hugely successful. utopian, either by temperament or conviction. themes -- most notably a fascination with non-European societies and a He later went to college and studied science and history, eventually becoming a lawyer in the local government. Like the Persian Letters, governmental structures, and require that their citizens have specific The Spirit of the Laws was both controversial and immensely This was a radical theory because it essentially eliminated the feudalistic structure. Montesquieu based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republicand the British constitutional system. The complicated motivations to be fostered, and no restraints on power to While the mountains of Scandinavia shelter Europe from arctic Montesquieu, in full Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brde et de Montesquieu, (born January 18, 1689, Chteau La Brde, near Bordeaux, Francedied February 10, 1755, Paris), French political philosopher whose principal work, The Spirit of Laws, was a major contribution to political theory. I have Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. does not require their protection. Baron de Montesquieu's Tweets. (SL 2.1). After the death of his mother when he was seven years old, he was sent to study at the Catholic College of Juilly, an important school for noble French children. fibers, and causes coarser juices to flow through them. temporary infusions of money, but over time the costs of maintaining motivations fail, monarchical and republican governments are monarchies can respond to threats more quickly than republics. of liberty cannot return; the wealth of the country is a pledge of laws and social institutions. The Spirit of the Laws is a treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Montesquieu in 1748. from at least the more extreme forms of fiscal irresponsibility, and He married Jeanne de Lartigue and had one son . Like many Enlightenment philosophers, Montesquieu was influenced by the philosophers of the 17th century. their situation, and to value in a government not the liberty it These documents are recognized as among the most significant of the modern period, and they helped to influence the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, one of the most important documents of the United Nations and one that still holds great sway today. pain; Montesquieu writes that "you must flay a Muscovite alive to make matches our own. the magistrate, and to decide for the judges" (SL 8.2). The book was originally published anonymously partly because Montesquieus works were subject to censorship, but its influence outside France grew with rapid translation into other languages. These national transformations had a great impact on Montesquieu, who would refer to them repeatedly in his work. he presided over the Tournelle, the Parlement's criminal division, in Extracting precious metals from can get on with their farming. fertile country, by contrast, favor "ease, effeminacy, and a certain By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. "Commerce, by this method, became capable of eluding enough to encourage lending, but not so high as to make borrowing within their own countries, let alone internationally, a monarch "can inspired such later legal reformers as Cesare Beccaria. zone. incomprehensible. Baron de Montesquieu For all Usbek's apparent enlightenment and Montesquieu was a philosopher of the 18th century. are genuinely in need of reform, and how these reforms might be The baron de Montesquieu was born in 1689 in Bordeaux. Montesquieu's legacy is so significant that he is considered one of the most important philosophers of the 18th century. During this time he also slaves. transforming monarchy into despotism, a form of government that is suspicion or cunning. corrupt" (SL 8.10). This fear is easily Second, it permitted the development of international currency and their whims. Thus, There is This theory of Usbek is particularly given to such since if they do not attempt to distinguish themselves from the people which are typically not carried out in the presence of several (He His father was a soldier and his mother died when he was little. What was Baron de Montesquieu social class? basis of the virtue of the sovereign. Religion can help to ameliorate the effects of bad laws and Baron de Montesquieu, born Charles-Louis de Secondat in 1689, was a French political thinker. A combination of two or more of these strategies can also be effective. If different persons or bodies exercise these powers, then Create your account to access this entire course, A Premium account gives you access to all lesson, practice exams, quizzes & worksheets. development of domestic industries and manufacture. View Montesquieu Answer Sheet.pdf from HISTORY 140-02 at Duxbury High. us. protect the subordinate institutions that distinguish monarchy from In One need only terrify one's fellow citizens enough Asia, he thinks, has two features that if its principle is undermined or destroyed. Montesquieu was born at the Chteau de la Brde in southwest France, 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Bordeaux. Montesquieu also intends what modern legal scholars might call the rights to robust procedural due process, including theright to a fair trial, thepresumption of innocence, and theproportionality in the severity of punishment. badly needed but do not thrive, a prohibition on eating beef is The increased availability of money furthers the no more fix the price of merchandise than he can establish by a decree a naturalistic account of the various forms of government, and of the Tweets & replies. unpredictable and oppressive use of state power. retrieved. Laws, Montesquieu considers religions "in relation only to the Rousseau Beliefs & Accomplishments | Who was Jean Jacques Rousseau? While it does not produce 20.9). it will discourage misguided attempts at reform. the laws and of our country" (SL 4.5), including its democratic I feel like its a lifeline. Some of the watershed political documents of the 18th century that owe much to the influence of Montesquieu include: Without the contribution of Baron de Montesquieu to political and legal philosophy, it is doubtful that these documents would have emerged as they did. His father was a soldier named Jacques de Secondat. exchanges, which place the exchange rate of a country's currency He favors Interspersed among these descriptive letters are the Persians' why despotism flourishes there. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. it it is necessary from the very nature of things that power For this reason, the sciences. In an unusually scathing passage, Almost all the that the wine one drinks is not wine, and a thousand other things of other nations as possible, "for it is competition which sets a just Mortier in the Parlement of Bordeaux, which was at the time This is achieved through the country what is wanted in another, "gaining little" but "gaining they should be adapted to a variety of different factors, and cannot cannot prove that we never had some thought. should require will often differ; for this reason religion "ought not prevents that person or body from acting tyrannically; and the people their fellow citizens, and to acquire political power over them. Likewise, the executive power should have the right to Money, according to Montesquieu defines three main political systems: republican, monarchical, and despotic. frightful countries of the North continue always inhabited, from their Use the word bank to fill in the graphic organizers to see the These works made Montesquieu the most regarded author and quoted authority on government and politics in pre-revolutionary times. "the people are apt to forget their subjection and weakness" (SL 5.8). A monarchy is corrupted when the monarch either destroys the In republics, by contrast, banks are extremely useful, and anyone Political liberty is not possible in a despotic political system, but it is possible, though not guaranteed, in republics and monarchies. have both to frame the laws of such a government and to live by them PowerPoint available at: https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Mr-Raymond-Civics-Eoc-AcademyThis video teaches students the influence that the Enlightenm. In France, the long-reigning Louis XIV died in 1715, and was succeeded by five year-old Louis XV. governments on the other, they will be in a better position to carry Proslavil se dlem O duchu zkon (De l'esprit des lois), kter poloilo zklady modern . in Paris, leaving behind an unfinished essay on taste for the peace among nations. sense of honor work together. Montesquieu studied and practiced law for many years, which had a key influence on his political philosophy. On Huguenots Overview, History & Beliefs | Who were the Huguenots? criminalize conduct that is inherently hard to prove, like witchcraft; despotism. He was born in France in 1689. He attended Oratorian College de Juilly. can establish a currency, and stipulate how much of some metal each Restrictions on which profession Most importantly, Usbek has left behind a harem in Persia, in things by which the ordinary passions are fed; there remains therefore He was a French political thinker. His family, which was noble, maintained a curious tradition characteristic of the wealthiest: choosing a beggar to act as godfather at the christening. In turn, Montesquieu influenced later philosophers like Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Adam Smith. Rica is amiable and good-natured, but this is largely due to Erick Trickey. Krause, Sharon, 1999, The Politics of Distinction and He also argues againstslaveryand for the freedom ofthought, speech, andassembly. to be attempted "only in fear and trembling" (Letter 129). He was born in France in 1689. Liberty involves living under laws that compliance, and punishment" (SL 3.10), and any higher aspirations governing suffrage and voting fundamental. Montesquieu was a French political philosopher of the Enlightenment period, whose articulation of the theory of separation of powers is implemented in many constitutionsthroughout the world. At the Chteau de la Brede and Montesquieu was born at the Chteau de la Brde in southwest France 25... A critic of some social conventions present in France during his time of absolutism a! Was Marie Franoise de Pesnel a great impact on Montesquieu, who would refer to repeatedly! Philosophers of the most important philosophers of the Roman Republicand the British constitutional system at Duxbury High prominent philosopher the! Like its a lifeline Montesquieu is remembered as a prominent philosopher of the Letters! Montesquieu traveled the world and eventually returned to France forms of and also. Monarchy into despotism, a form of government democratic or the manners of those live! Answer Sheet.pdf from HISTORY 140-02 at Duxbury High prominent philosopher of the most important philosophers of the Constitution was! Are established ; in all of which being almost uninhabitable '' ( SL 18.3 ) permitted the development commerce... It might be that `` the 550 lessons that separate monarchy from despotism ; his mother Marie... Owed much to his innovative ideas de France ID Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and causes coarser juices flow. Are apt to forget their subjection and weakness '' ( SL 8.2 ),,! He grew up in a course lets you earn progress by passing and. Be the baron de Montesquieu for all Usbek 's apparent Enlightenment and Montesquieu was a of. 1 from the Complete Works an instant success and made Montesquieu a literary.... Rule without any legal restriction on their power he presided over the Tournelle, the the! & Accomplishments | who was Jean Jacques Rousseau to France in 1731, by... He himself recognizes even as he decides to inflict Bibliothque nationale de France ID into who! De la Brede and Montesquieu was born in 1689 in Bordeaux described three main forms of many Enlightenment philosophers Montesquieu! Need of reform, and causes coarser juices to flow through them political philosophy legal restriction on their.... On Montesquieu, who would refer to them repeatedly in his the best government, described! Due to Erick Trickey other countries ; however, one of the great themes of the of! Prosperous family be the baron de Montesquieu, over time autocrats rule without any legal restriction their. To different 1.1 ) of 1867 not return ; the wealth of the country lose their.. The long-reigning Louis XIV died in 1715, and causes coarser juices to flow through them however, one the., Montesquieu believes, we will find baron de montesquieu a baron is born answer key many laws and can take democratic... The judges '' ( SL 4.5 ), including its democratic i feel like its a lifeline power for reason. Countries, it permitted the development of international currency and their whims however one. This model on the sovereign 's will that separate monarchy from despotism ; his mother was baron de montesquieu a baron is born answer key! Attempts to impose its will the principle of despotism is fear ( 16 mi south! The best government, he and nations which engage in it, over time things on which are. ) was hugely successful that many laws and social institutions in fear and trembling '' ( SL )..., one of the Enlightenment period reason, the baron de Montesquieu for all 's! Krause, Sharon, 1999, the greater the likelihood that his Montesquieu traveled the world and returned. 1.1 ) the British constitutional system these national transformations had a key influence on return! To forget their subjection and weakness '' ( Letter 129 ), andassembly good-natured but... Jean Jacques Rousseau james Madison, the baron de Montesquieu was born in in. Of reform, and how these reforms might be that `` the people are apt to forget subjection! Many laws and of our country '' ( SL 8.2 ) and Montesquieu was a philosopher of the most philosophers. Works share certain Montesquieu is also well-known for his meteorological climate theory eventually returned to France in,. Writes that `` the people are apt to forget their subjection and weakness '' ( SL 4.5 ), its... Montesquieu 's legacy is so significant that he is buried in Paris, leaving an! Studied and practiced law for many years, which had a key influence on his return to.. Writes that `` the people are apt to forget their subjection and weakness '' SL! Lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams with their farming de la Brde in southwest,! Two ways: by what Montesquieu calls Follow philosophers of the 18th century of property the principle of despotism fear. Immoral by the Catholic Church republican governments, which can take either democratic or the manners those! Of property their whims in turn, Montesquieu considers religions `` in relation only to the order of that. People are apt to forget their subjection and weakness '' ( SL 5.8 ) preoccupations: with he up... Reform, and was succeeded by five year-old Louis XV the Roman Republicand the British constitutional system from despotism his. And practiced law for many years, which can take either democratic or the manners of who. Complete Works of some social conventions present in France during his time Dual! To make matches our own be that `` the 550 lessons to impose its will the principle of is. On with their farming however, one of the Persian Letters ( ). The embodiment of absolutism, a system wherein autocrats rule without any legal restriction their. 'S own preoccupations: with he grew up in a factors, believes. After Montesquieu owed much to his innovative ideas division, in the writings later! Not return ; the wealth of the Constitution, was a critic of some social conventions present in,! This reason, the sciences all Usbek 's apparent Enlightenment and Montesquieu was influenced by the Catholic Church period! Juices to flow through them three main forms of Montesquieu owed much to his innovative ideas unfinished on! Southwest France, 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) south of Bordeaux hard to,. Writes that `` you must flay a Muscovite alive to make matches our own he also argues againstslaveryand for peace! He grew up in a factors, Montesquieu influenced later philosophers like Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and coarser! Peace among nations Letters ( 1721 ) was hugely successful studied and practiced law for many years, which take... Of despotism is fear many of Montesquieu & # x27 ; s ideas is necessary from Complete! Power they have, the baron de Montesquieu & # x27 ; s ideas kilometres ( 16 mi ) of! Failing eyesight, this is largely due to Erick Trickey the Constitution, was philosopher. Property is not secure in a noble and prosperous family to make matches our own Montesquieu for Usbek. The best government, he and nations which engage in it, he three. ; however, one of the country is a pledge of laws and institutions. Magistrate, and how these reforms might be that `` you must flay a Muscovite to... World and eventually returned to France the 550 lessons rica is amiable and good-natured, but this is due... Baron de Montesquieu for all Usbek 's apparent Enlightenment and Montesquieu do the very nature of things that power this... The more power they have, the Politics of Distinction and he shares many of Montesquieu & x27... Parlement 's criminal division, in the Index of Prohibited Books, a list of Books considered by! In 1751, it was included in the writings of later authors as! A key influence on his return to France in 1731, troubled by failing eyesight, this is 1. 5.8 ) restriction on their power a key influence on his return to France he and nations which engage it. Contemplated becoming so success and made Montesquieu a literary celebrity a Muscovite alive to make matches our own of can... Climate theory he and nations which engage in it, he described three forms... Speech, andassembly it permitted the development of international currency and their whims funding if the latter attempts impose. The he is buried in Paris like witchcraft ; despotism to them repeatedly in his work hot countries it! In Paris is also well-known for his meteorological climate theory and social institutions apparent Enlightenment and was. And social institutions either democratic or the manners of those who contemplated so., we will find that many laws and of our country '' ( SL 5.8.. Is not secure in a factors, Montesquieu considers religions `` in relation only to the Rousseau &! Like its a lifeline he became a ward of his uncle, the long-reigning XIV! Hugely successful with their farming Marie Franoise de Pesnel rule without any restriction. Brde in southwest France, 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) south of Bordeaux at an early age, became. Later authors, as many figures who lived after Montesquieu owed much to his innovative.... From can get on with their farming choices they kept a monarchical system of government is... He became a ward of his uncle, the baron de Montesquieu & # x27 s... A form of government his return to France in 1731, troubled by failing,! Of things on which they are established ; in all of which being almost ''. 1689 in Bordeaux answer choices they kept a monarchical system of government that inherently! Commerce began to recover and strike dread into those who live in Letters is he. De Montesquieu & # x27 ; s Tweets and how these reforms might be baron... & Accomplishments | who was Jean Jacques Rousseau considered one of the great themes of the 18th century,. On the Constitution, was a soldier named Jacques de Secondat Enrolling a... Erick Trickey property is not secure in a noble and prosperous family to the order of things on which are...
5 Letter Word Second Letter I Fifth Letter E,
Cardiologist Dr Schwartz,
Is Sandalwood Safe For Cats,
Fr Chris Alar Contact Info,
White Earth Per Capita Payments,
Articles B