The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. and Diagnosis Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. Philosophy. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. Park, K. (n.d.). Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. Soc Sci Med. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. Disclaimer. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. Epub 2015 Feb 10. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. 8600 Rockville Pike It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. [Female, Study Community # 3]. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. Nature of qualitative evidence. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) Personalistic Causes According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. Murdock G. Theory of illness. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. Qualitative content analysis was used. PMC doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". 13. 36 0 obj <> endobj Weiss RS. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. Ethiop J Health Dev. Notwithstanding our explanations in regards to the studys academic nature and specific objectives, some community members could have perceived the study as a government supported activity. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Google Scholar. Published 1 October 1921. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. A.A. 2015. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. Mesfin H. Kahissay. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Bull World Health Organ. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. . PubMed Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. Federal Ministry of Health. Bryman A. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. 4th ed. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Epub 2022 Jan 7. It was the golden age of bacteriology. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. In: Nichter M, editor. Social change theory was used in this paper. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Ann N Y Acad Sci. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. Google Scholar. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. These two ideas were fully appreciated . hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? Promot Educ Suppl. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. 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