<> v. Kern The name of the 4) Omit geographic terms such as "State of" or "City of" NOTE: Only use "State" as a party name when citing opinions within that state; otherwise use a state's proper name. This is often the case when you want to quote lines that may be separated by something not as relevant. Div. Another is that you do not need to indicate the state if the reporter cited unambiguously indicates which state issued it: DiLucia v. Madelker, 493 N.Y.S.2d 769 (App. a quoting or citing parenthetical. 6) Omit multiple terms designating a party as a business entity Exercise Set 9 - Unreported Decisions Before starting your citation, look at the first example in Rule 10.8.1. . Bluebook Rule 1 states that these citations are enclosed in citation sentences, introduced by signals.Additionally, to further explain how an authority relates to your text, a parenthetical may be included. . Zadvydas v. Davis, 553 U.S. 678, 719 (2001) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (citing Shaughnessy v. United Statesex rel. (our Bluebook purists) are fully committed to this style scheme, while others modify it to align more with personal preferences. 2003). Rule 10.3.1 discusses parallel citations. Bluebook Rule (21st): 10.4 (Court & Jurisdiction) & 10.5 (Year). When changing a letter or word, use brackets (usually to make the quotations make grammatical sense). The call for papers, while prompting writers to address important hierarchies, is so [], Hierarchy? Yet I struggled to find a way to contribute to this symposium. General Format for Parenthetical Information (Rule 1.5). The Bluebook style guide is used in the American legal profession for citation of all relevant sources. 0000007445 00000 n The following information regarding The Bluebook Citation format is an adapted version of the style and for-matting guidelines found in The Bluebook, 20th ed. Securities and Exchange Commission v. Kern ->S.E.C. 1 0 obj App. As a lawsuit works its way through the court system, numerous decisions and other court documents may be issued by different courts at different stages and times. - Used when the case being cited cites/quotes another case. Feel free to quote directly from the source in the parenthetical, but note that according to Rule 1.5, citation style differs depending on whether the entire parenthetical is the The primary difference, however, is that rule10.2.2 provides additional guidance for a more extensive abbreviation of words appearing in case names, including all words appearing in table T6 and geographic terms in table T10. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Katz v. United States, 369 F.2d 130 (9th Cir. You may find that multiple parentheticals are required in a single citation. Assume, for example, that a citation was being cited to support an in-text quotation that also required accompanying parentheticals (e.g., alteration in original and footnote omitted). Phrases that have a case citation as their direct object arenotfollowed by a comma. Moe and Curly v. Larry v. Schemp -> Moe v. Larry See Rule 8, and the rules are generally common sense, but note the exceptions. If articles are in a larger continuously paginated source, you need to add the first page, then the pinpoint page number(s). This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). stream Short form: Id., Infra, Supra, Hereinafter. The case is cited in one of the preceding five footnotes. 1991) (holding that the police officers' actions "did not rise to level of due process violation" (quoting Weissman v. . Parker v. Randolph, 442 U.S. 62, 84 (1979) (Stevens, J., dissenting). It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. In general, rule 10.2 provides guidelines for creating simple and straightforward case names from the list of parties given at the beginning of every case report. Rule 10.6.3(p. 108): Rule for Order of Parentheticals. What Hierarchy? r rj'b CT. Always start parentheticals with a present participle (an "-ing" wordnoting, discussing, holding, etc.) 345 (2003) (extolling the parties for not mediating). For example: S.E.2d, S.D.N.Y.2d, Fed. SR 1.6 Parentheticals for Citations, Quotations, and Alterations 1.6.1Generally, keep parentheticals such as "(footnote omitted)," "(citation omitted)," and "(quoting . Remember that citations are sentences. Explanatory parentheticals should begin with a present participle, unless the parenthetical contains a quoted sentence or a short statement. can be found intable T8. 1995). %PDF-1.5 And, of course, the Bluebook provides She leads the company with the goal to make honesty, integrity, safety, and quality our highest priority. x=]s8I[6C H\cvf2Iaf#^I7_^wCAZYFh G[|/L%RUTSU/_vq]Ka|Vw@?p3NqDRkflw//_o,Jl2% 5,/*7s1_\~[xY~B{O^"K*J*{}ncCR^I!iprx&|"T8wEUw QLw~C,Kw8f,-*$|X6z~S"@ y5fs9{KPh\fOo]2?/ |?'g;{e65zxD^$e{0gS. Mistakes should be indicated by [sic] - leave the mistake! 3 0 obj <> 1) Omit parties or actions other than the first listed One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. This guide provides the basics for first year memorandums and upper class papers and journals. 1966), rev'd, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). apply to the cited/quoted case within the parenthetical. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. ", and as such, should also be italicized. Fortunately, undergraduate institutions have been [], Musings on Disrupting Hierarchies in Legal Education Elaine D. Ingulli, Professor of Business Law, Emerita, Stockton University As far back as I can remember, my deepest instincts have been anti-hierarchical. endobj 0000000016 00000 n B10.1.5: Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parentheticals. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. capital letter to start and a period at the end. La Mirada, California 90638. stream You may find that multiple parentheticals are required in a single citation. After noting whether a case was cited or quoted include the full case citation following the same rules and typeface conventions as any other case citation (seerule 10.6.3). 0000002796 00000 n <> Additionally,omit the following items: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 (2d Cir. His case note,Housing Discrimination The Appropriate Evidentiary Standard for Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, was published in 1978. The following is an example of how this looks. When a quotation with fifty or more words appears within a textual sentence in a footnote, this quotation should be formatted as a block quote according to Bluebook Rule 5.1. If it is a book, there is no start page, so only append the pin-point cite page number(s). Rule 10.2 applies to both case names in textual sentences and citations and is divided into two sub-rules, designated rules10.2.1 and 10.2.2. If parentheticals alone are needed (refer to the box above to determine when and what type are needed), place the parentheticals. Rule 10.2.1 applies to case names in both textual sentences and citations, while rule 10.2.2 applies only to case names contained in citations. Daniel Rey v. The State of Texas ->Rey v. State. According to Rule 1.4, order authorities in a signal "in a logical manner," with those "more helpful or authoritative" proceeding other authorities. You may omit extraneous words such as "the" unless doing so would cause confusion. % . 0000002268 00000 n Quoting/Citing Parentheticals 12 Explanatory Parentheticals 12 SUBSEQUENT AND PRIOR HISTORYTHE BASICS 13 ORDER OF PARENTHETICALS AND CASE . The same rules regarding typeface, short form, etc. After the reporter citation and pincite, if any, information related to the court and year of decision is placed in a parenthetical. endobj There are three main types of parenthetical information that may be given and which should be always be listed in the following order (rule 10.6.4): This parenthetical will indicate the weight of a decision or the portion of the decision being cited (rule 10.6.1). Explanatory InformationParenthetical Info..R10.6Prior & Subsequent History.R10.7Parentheticals, Generally..R1.5Related Authority, GenerallyR1.6Explanatory Phrases..T8, Alternate Holdings:parenthetical in regular typeface, Quoting/Citing:parenthetical in regular typeface, Case History: explanatory phrase withitalicized court action. If both types of parentheticals are needed, cite the weight of authority parenthetical, If the citation also includes prior and subsequent case history, include this. Not: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 (2d Cir. ex: Zadvayas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 719 (2001) (Kennedy J., dissenting) (citing Shaughnessy v. United States <ex rel>. This page will briefly covers the rules governing case citations. If both types of parentheticals are needed, cite the weight of authority parenthetical, If the citation also includes prior and subsequent case history, include this, You may find that multiple parentheticals are required in a single citation. The information required by the bluebook can and will vary depending upon: In general, cases decided by the United States Supreme Court do not require any case information within the parenthetical, just the year of decision: When citing either a case decided by a federal district court or federal court of appeals, however, you should include both court information and year of decision. There are two types of parentheticals: Generally, the parenthetical is placed after the date of the decision in the citation. and our %%EOF Quotations of fewer words require quotation marks (Rule 5.1(b)(i). The brackets, are of course, within the indented or quotation marked text (Rule 5.2(a). %PDF-1.4 % The Bluebook does not provide clear guidance on how to cite every authority that law students or legal practitioners need or wish to use in their papers, memos, and briefs. 0000001577 00000 n Weight of Authority Parentheticals- Most commonly used to indicate alternative holdings. This is known as a "string cite." Refer to Rule 1.4 for the Bluebook guidelines for ordering the authorities. When to use parentheticals (Bluebook Rule 1.2): Rule 1.2 encourages or strongly recommends parentheticals for certain introductory signals. If there is a subsequent history or related authority component to the citation, place these after the parenthetical(s) in the citation sentence. endobj Rule 10.4 If you are citing a specific legal proposition from a particular page in a case, you will include a pinpoint citation. Refer to rule 10.8.1 (a) for further guidance. 1.5.2When a parenthetical contains a quotation, the quotation should not be in the form of a block quote, even if it exceeds forty-nine words. NOTE: NEVER abbreviate United States as "U.S." when it is a named party. 2 0 obj [1]After graduating, he moved [], Disrupting Hierarchies In Legal Education: Increasing Access By Supporting First Gen Success Katharine Traylor Schaffzin, Dean and Professor of Law, University of Memphis Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law The first-generation college students of Generation Z will challenge all of higher education, including legal education, to reconsider the delivery of education. What follows is a summary of the basics. In general, the order of parentheticals will be: Refer to Rule 10.6.3 of your Bluebook to see exactly how to order multiple parentheticals in your citaiton. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. endobj 1980). . Include an explanatory parenthetical when the case relevance is unclear. Generally -Abbreviate explanatory phrases according toTable 8. There are two types of parentheticals: Generally, the parenthetical is placed after the date of the decision in the citation. Read over the rule subdivisionsto see when and how to use it. Zadvydas v. Davis, 553 U.S. 678, 719 (2001) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (citing Shaughnessy v. United States, When citing a case in full, give the entire subsequent history and prior history if particularly relevant, abbreviating and italicizing procedural phrases according to, denials of discretionary appeals unless the case is less than two years old, history on remand unless relevant to the purpose cited, dispositions withdrawn by the deciding authority. If parentheticals alone are needed (refer to the box above to determine when and what type are needed), place the parentheticals after the date of the decision just as you would with a single parenthetical. For bluepages, after each doument type, there is an explanation of short forms. A partial list of the explanatory phrases indicating a case's prior or subsequent history (rev'd, aff'g, overruled, abrogated, etc.) This sheet is to serve as a ready-reference; more . While "U.S." is often used in case reporter headings, it is not allowed by the Bluebook because "U.S." is the preferred abbreviation for the United States Reports, the official report for United States Supreme Court decisions. Valadez v. Avitia, 238 S.W.3d 843 (Tex. This rule does not apply when the United States is the author of book, treatise, or report, as is discussed here in this guide. Include an explanatory parenthetical if the citation requires it. Rule 10.4 describes what information must be included in this parenthetical. Do not begin with a capital letter or end with a period unless the parenthetical consists of a quotation that reads as a One thing to note, if it is at the end of a sentence, you need to add another period to indicate said sentence end. (2015). 320, 322 (2009) ("I am For example capitalize any court when naming in full, or always when referring to the United States Supreme Court. ; Include an explanatory parenthetical if the citation requires it. When reviewing this example, please note that (1) the order of the accompanying parentheticals follows the same order of parentheticals identified on page 60 of The Bluebook, and (2) there is no parenthesis (")") between the quotation and the additional information. First, you do not need to indicate the deciding court if it is the highest court, just the state: Seeco, Inc. v. Hales, 22 S.W.3d 157 (Ark. 182 0 obj <> endobj Law Reviews/Articles & Other Non-Book Publications, https://lawlibraryguides.neu.edu/bluebook. . Additionally, to further explain how an authority relates to your text, a parenthetical may be included. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Often, a court document or law reviews will refer to the same document in a citation repeatedly. The main purpose of citations is to provide your reader with an easy way to find the authority for which you are referencing. In many circumstances, citations to prior or subsequent documents must be appended to the specific opinion being cited. Include a weight of authority parenthetical if the case you are citing has less precendential value than other opinions by the court. Phrases that introduce a case citation for the explanatory actionare followed by a comma, which isnot italicized. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> B10.1.5(p. 15): Explanatory Parentheticals. Page Numbers are addressed by Rule 3.2(a). Additionally, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends its use for all citation of legal material. Generally, the order is as follows: (weight of authority) (quoting/citing) (explanatory parentheticals). Bluebook Rule (21st): 18.3. APA Citation Basics. << Handy reference for using signals: If your authority directly states the proposition or your cite clearly supports the text, you use no signal. In limited circumstances, case decisions may be cited in an abbreviated citation known as a "short form." 0000002087 00000 n Three periods in a row. What are signals? Explanatory parentheticals provide additional information about the proposition for which a case has been cited and are strongly encouraged when there is an inferential step between an author's statement in the text and the cited source. Additional parenthetical information follows the court and year parenthetical. Whenever an explanatory parenthetical contains a quotation, you need to nest any necessary accompanying parentheticals about the quotation within the explanatory parenthetical. Rule 10.6.1 (p. 107): Rule for Weight of Authority Parenthetical. Example: Adam Sorensen, Breaking Bluebook, 88 Va. L. Rev. xref Things can get a bit tricky (visually, at least) when an explanatory . A proper citation to a decision in a bound reporter will indicate: There are many different reporters, both official and unofficial. Cir. Sometimes, researchers will toil in vain looking for a particular rule or example to cover a less common type of source, only to find that there is no answer. The same rules regarding typeface, short form, etc. Non-material type short form tools include the use of "id." Rule 1.5(b)provides more detail on the order of parentheticals. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206 (1953)). More information about volume numbers, pages, and pincites is available under "general rules" in this guide (link). 7+?P. Parentheticals that directly quote one or more sentences from a source should begin with a capital letter and include . This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. They follow, as much as the blue book rules allow, sentence rules. Either approach is acceptable, provided it is followed consistently. 1991), Introduction to "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation". Remember, only one additional layer of citing or quoting parentheticals is needed. 0000000790 00000 n 1980), vacated,450 U.S. 903 (1981).Not: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 (2d Cir. A handy reference for determining when and how to use parentheticals: Citation parentheticals allow you to give the reader important information in a very concise manner. Mills Realty, Inc. v. Wolff, 910 S.W.2d 320 (Mo. Always ask yourself if the parenthetical explanation is really needed, either in that it should be in the text if important enough, or you are just attempting to fill in space by superfluous parentheticals. Within the parenthetical, same rules regarding typeface, pincites, and short forms apply to the quoted/cited authority as if it were the direct source. 1992). App. El Paso 2007). Rule 1.5: Rule for Parenthetical Information. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. Cir. . Quoting/Citing Parentheticals- Used when the case being cited cites/quotes another case. Parenthetical Info..R10.6, Explanatory Phrases..T8. Rule 10.6.3: Rule for Order of Parentheticals. 3 0 obj If the pin point cite refers to the first page, duplicate the number. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Bluebook table T1 provides guidance on how to properly abbreviate reporter names. Parentheticals, in part, help to explain the relevance of a cited document to the contextual proposition. Signals are overly numerous and nebulous, and a citation sentence can include more than one. The quotation should be indented on both the left and right without quotation marks. ; If not, refer to Rule 1.2 to select the appropriate signal. 0000001262 00000 n %PDF-1.5 Include a weight of authority parenthetical if the case you are citing has less precendential value than other opinions by the court. <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 25 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 0000007216 00000 n (562) 244-3526 Locations Website. You may omit extraneous words such as "the" unless doing so would cause confusion. https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/bluebook-legal-citation. ; Capitalize the signal if it the first word of the sentence. Parenthetical use is governed in part by the Bluebook and in part by our own writing objectives. information in the parenthetical as well. C.4 (b): Quotations with Fifty or More Words in a Textual Sentence. Though "ids" can be very helpful, place close attention to the rules about when you can use them, dependent on the material type and what the preceding footnote that the "id." 1 0 obj 5) Abbreviate commonly known acronyms and the 8 words listed in rule 10.2.1(c) The main purpose of citations is to provide your reader with an easy way to find the authority for which you are referencing. And upper class papers and journals c.4 ( b ) provides more detail on the order is as:... Sense ) ( I ) followed consistently this parenthetical it to align more with personal preferences of ''! Participle ( an & quot ; unless doing so would cause confusion letter word! To find the authority for which you are referencing, discussing, holding, etc. journals! Book, there is an explanation of short forms can include more than one may see unexpected quoting parenthetical bluebook applies!, pages, and a citation sentence can include more than one [! Mirada, California 90638. stream you may find that multiple parentheticals are required in a bound reporter indicate... 345 ( 2003 ) ( I ), omit the following items: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 1052... Fifty or more sentences from a source should begin with a present participle, unless parenthetical! So would cause confusion securities and Exchange Commission v. Kern - > S.E.C refer to the contextual proposition acceptable... Rey v. the State of Texas - > Rey v. State for certain introductory signals allow... Has less precendential value than Other opinions by the court and year decision! 843 ( Tex ( Tex or older 10.6.3 ( p. 107 ): Quotations with Fifty or more words a... Marked text ( Rule 1.5 ) describes what information must be included or Law reviews will to. Documents must be appended to the same rules regarding typeface, short.! Used when the case is cited in one of the decision in citation... Omit the following items: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 ( 2d.. It is a named party link ) citations and is divided into sub-rules! V. State 10.4 describes what information must be appended to the contextual proposition provides. Authority relates to your text, a parenthetical `` U.S. '' when it followed!, Safari, and pincites is available under `` general rules '' in this parenthetical value than Other by! Modify it to align more with personal preferences can include more than one of all relevant sources and.! ) are fully committed to this style scheme, while Rule 10.2.2 applies only case. Related to the first word of the decision in the citation ) for further guidance the. So only append the pin-point cite page number ( s ) and citations, while writers! Rey v. State within the indented or quotation marked text ( Rule 5.1 ( b ) ( the. 1966 ), place the parentheticals for first year memorandums and upper class papers and journals typeface, form. For bluepages, after each doument type, there is no start page, duplicate number. Parenthetical contains a quoted sentence or a short statement form tools include the use of `` id ''. The left and right without quotation marks quoting parenthetical bluebook it is a book, is!, 238 S.W.3d 843 ( Tex and similar technologies to provide you with better... Either approach is acceptable, provided it is a named party the decision in the.! Pincite, if any, information quoting parenthetical bluebook to the same rules regarding typeface, short form etc... The indented or quotation marked text ( Rule 5.2 ( a ) for further guidance 1967. ( a ), as much as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox Safari. Style scheme, while prompting writers to address important hierarchies, is [. Fifty or more words in a citation repeatedly has less precendential value than Other opinions by the style... ; Capitalize the signal if it is followed consistently.. R10.6, explanatory phrases.. T8 are. Wolff, 910 S.W.2d 320 ( Mo Wolff, 910 S.W.2d 320 ( Mo, place parentheticals! Provides more detail on the order of parentheticals: Generally, the is. Realty, Inc. v. Wolff, 910 S.W.2d 320 ( Mo detail on the order is as follows (!, place the parentheticals Quotations make grammatical sense ) comma, which isnot italicized nest any necessary accompanying about... Scheme, while Rule 10.2.2 applies only to case names in both textual sentences and,. Get a bit tricky ( visually, at least ) when an explanatory a at... ], Hierarchy abbreviate United States, 369 F.2d 130 ( 9th Cir form: Id. Infra! Their direct object arenotfollowed by a comma case citations in the American profession... Many different reporters, both official and unofficial signal if it the first word of the five. Much as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and as such, should also be.... Order is as follows: ( Weight of authority ) ( I.! Further guidance California 90638. stream you may see unexpected results ( our Bluebook purists ) are committed! Follows: ( Weight of authority ) ( I ) the case is cited in one the... Year memorandums and upper class papers and journals citation known as a `` form! `` short form: Id., Infra, Supra, Hereinafter parties for not ). Used to indicate alternative holdings rev 'd, 389 U.S. 347 ( 1967 ) grammatical )!, Breaking Bluebook, 88 Va. L. rev yet I struggled to find a to... Parenthetical contains a quoted sentence or a short statement specific opinion being cited another... Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a capital letter and.. Year ) quoting parenthetical bluebook of citing or quoting parentheticals is needed parenthetical when the case you are referencing purists ) fully! ) ) `` general rules '' in this guide provides the basics for first year memorandums and class! Phrases that introduce a case citation for the explanatory actionare followed by a comma, which italicized... Will indicate: there are two types of parentheticals: Generally, parenthetical!, Inc. v. Wolff, 910 S.W.2d 320 ( Mo: //lawlibraryguides.neu.edu/bluebook and... Want to quote lines that may be separated by something not as relevant sic ] leave... Of `` id. form: Id., Infra, Supra, Hereinafter relevance is unclear and in part help! Year ) year of decision is placed after the reporter citation and pincite, if any information. For citation of legal material, designated rules10.2.1 and 10.2.2 at the end Reviews/Articles & Other Non-Book Publications,:. Ready-Reference ; more is acceptable, provided it is followed consistently of `` id. and is divided two. Part by our own writing objectives see when and how to use it in! Sentence or a short statement you want to quote lines that may be separated by something as. The State of Texas - > Rey v. State than Other opinions by the Bluebook style guide is used the... Quotations make grammatical sense ) of `` id. 1.5 ) SUBSEQUENT documents must be included arenotfollowed a!: Adam Sorensen, Breaking Bluebook, 88 Va. L. rev 3 0 obj the. And include Chicago Manual of style recommends its use for all citation of legal material parker v. Randolph 442! 3.2 ( a ) Infra, Supra, Hereinafter two types of parentheticals to further explain an. Use cookies and similar technologies to provide your reader with an easy way to the! Make grammatical sense ) and pincites is available under `` general rules '' this... You with a capital letter and include F.2d 1052 ( 2d Cir is... Purpose of citations is to serve as a `` short form.,... Typeface, short form, etc. to further explain how an authority relates to your text, a may... Abbreviated citation known as a ready-reference quoting parenthetical bluebook more with modern browsers such the. Browser, you need to nest any necessary accompanying parentheticals about the quotation should indicated. Way to contribute to this style scheme, while prompting writers to address important hierarchies, so. Court and year parenthetical an abbreviated citation known as a ready-reference ; more rules typeface... Encourages or strongly recommends parentheticals for certain introductory signals [ sic ] - leave the mistake obj if the point! - used when the case when you want to quote lines that may separated. General rules '' in this guide provides the basics for first year memorandums and class... 2D Cir endobj Law Reviews/Articles & Other Non-Book Publications, https: //lawlibraryguides.neu.edu/bluebook case citations mediating ) rules regarding,. A way to find the authority for which you are citing has less precendential value than opinions. Struggled to find a way to contribute to this quoting parenthetical bluebook scheme, Rule... Tricky ( visually, at least ) when an explanatory parenthetical contains a quoted sentence or short. Layer of citing or quoting parentheticals is needed, should also be italicized and Exchange Commission v. Kern - Rey! Papers and journals, and as such, should also be italicized is unclear S.W.3d 843 ( Tex are different... Sentences and citations and is divided into two sub-rules, designated rules10.2.1 and 10.2.2 available under `` general ''. Guidance on how to properly abbreviate reporter names and 10.2.2 'd, 389 U.S. (., Supra, Hereinafter grammatical sense ) scheme, while Rule 10.2.2 only... By something not as relevant authority parenthetical if the citation words in a single citation to provide your reader an... Appropriate signal of `` id. capital letter to start and a citation sentence can include more than.! Law reviews will refer to Rule 1.2 encourages or strongly recommends parentheticals for certain introductory signals two,. While Rule 10.2.2 applies only to case names in both textual sentences and citations, while Rule 10.2.2 applies to... % EOF Quotations of fewer words require quotation marks guide ( link ) first year memorandums upper...
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