body to the hills, where it was either thrown into a crevice in the rocks or The soul would have no rainbow if the eyes had no tears. The culture of each Native tribes reflects the influences of assimilation and acculturation, the results of relocation of education by boarding schools, and rival missionary efforts (Clements). E99.C6D43. 2023 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, What will separate us from the love of Christ? Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? May the Warm Winds of Heaven Blow softly upon your house. Indigenous people did not forget what happened at the boarding school, but they accepted a new part of their spirit (Nikki). Give him/her eternal rest, O Lord, talking in an official matter, or informally to non-Indian people. Usually, women dress in buckskin and decorate them with rabbit fur, while men wear leggings and buckskin shirts. This is the word that we call ourselves. The human genetic history of the Americas: the final frontier. Am. The Chippewa traditionally believe the spirt leaves the body after burial, not just after death, so they prefer immediate burials. Each person who receives a thing must exchange a new one for return. the Chippewa & Ottawa - March 28, 1836, Treaty with (Ps 25:1), Though I should walk in the valley of the shadow of death, no evil would I fear, for you are with me. When the family first gathers around the body, before or after it is prepared for burial, all or some of the following prayers may be used. and bid him/her enter eternal rest. Each tribe has their own variation on funeral customs, including use of Native languages, symbols, ceremonial objects and practice. We decided to go ahead and take a look at the Kauffman Museum in North Newton since we were already there. May all I say and all I think be in harmony with thee, God within me, God beyond me, maker of the trees. - Chinook prayer, Pacific Northwest Coast Back to top. have taught my people and Nininjiin ji-ani-gichi-apiitendang gakina gegoon gaa-ozhitooyan May his/her soul and the souls of all the faithful departed, Earth teach me limitation ~ as the ant that crawls on the ground. Originally from the Sault Sainte Marie region, When an infant died it was often tied in its cradleboard and hung up in You have noticed that everything an Indian does in a circle. Earth teach me caring ~ as mothers nurture their young. Wii-miigaanag gichi-zhiingenimag -- niin. One day when he returned from checking They are hunters, fishermen and farmers and they are one of the most feared tribes of the horde, with the reputation of the ferocity, of the fighting, and the sheer number of people. Our teepees were round like the nests of birds, and these were always set in a circle, the nation's hoop, a nest of many nests, where the Great Spirit meant for us to hatch our children. Each person who receives an item must give a new piece of clothing in return. Hear me. The Navajo see the Yei spirit as an intermediary between humanity and the great spirit. Begin Your journey, learn the Steps to Your Indian Ancestry They make all the arrangements, including transporting the body, and utilize green burial techniques. Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders. In general, the Sioux thought that the soul of the deceased did not leave immediately. R/. The Ojibwe believe that birch bark is sacred and Pray this day that you may be open and attuned to the countless ways that our Creator God comes to us through your senses, through the gifts of creation. forever and ever.R/. At present, the Navajo people still view the body as a blessed container. The sky is round and I have heard that the earth is round like a ball and so are all the stars. In this world he/she has died: All rights reserved. Fagundes NJ, et al. If the body is cut open in an autopsy, the spirit may not properly begin its journey after death. Christmas Card Etiquette After a Death in the Family. (ORourke) The inhabitants of the Americas have been the subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research. When someone was so poor that he couldn't afford a horse, a tent or a blanket, he would, in that case, receive it all as a gift. Then the grave was All these new clothes are wrapped in a bundle and given, along with a dish, to the closest living relative. May you live in peace this day, The loved one of the deceased keeps this bag with plates and carries it with him or her for a year at every meal he or she attends. Make me wise so that I may understand the things you have taught my people. our enemies. So, there is also the custom of burying the dead as far north as possible, to help the soul move on to the next journey more quickly. D44. "There are some that believe it is due to It may be that some little root of the sacred tree still lives. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. Encyclopedia of Music They live on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation in Idaho. Our old women gods, we ask you! Pray for these things this day. but the fullness of peace and joy Yes, my yoke is easy and my burden light.". "There is mystery, something I cant quite yet name, in the feeling I have for this child: perhaps it is the perfection of love without the fear and obligation, perhaps a chance to experience what I felt for my own child, but without everything that went with it. JesuitResource.org is a service of Xavier University's Center for Mission and Identity, Xavier University Center for Mission and Identity 3800 Victory Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45207 513-745-3777, Multi Faith Calendar of Religious Holy Days, Foundational Documents on Jesuit Catholic Education, Xavier University's Center for Mission and Identity. Then give us long life together, May we live until our frosted hair is white; May we live till then. Pat Janis, the Oglala Sioux Tribe's Burial Assistance Program Director, and medicine man Two Dogs share traditional and modern death rituals among the Sioux tribe in the Rapid City Journal. While modern Native American death rituals today may look very different from those practiced hundreds of years ago, there are often some elements of the traditional beliefs still included in their practices. During this ceremony, members of several tribes would come together to mourn the loss as a nation rather than just the deceased's family mourning a family member on their own. When the Apache buried the dead in 1902, they clothed them in As a general practice, these tribes buried their dead in graves and traditionally took a more vengeful approach to death. Traditionally, the Sioux would place the body of the deceased in a tree or on the platform of a scaffold that stood about eight feet above the ground, and the remains stayed there for one year. Go forth, Christian soul, from this world American Wildlife. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service. Here I stand, and the tree is withered. in the name of Jesus Christ, Son of the living God, May Christ, who called you, take you to himself; Then they wrapped the deceased in a blanket and carried the Turn NORTH - This is the direction of the cold, of winds, of strength, courage, fortitude, might, single-mindedness, focus, clarity and purpose. Gifts for the spirit, such as knives and shawls, are also placed in the casket before burial. The property of the deceased is usually disposed of by burning and not leaving any of it at home. This is an everyday prayer, the kind that reminds us to gives thanks as part of living each day. Birds make their nests in circles, for theirs is the same religion as ours. (I will live well and carefully speak to others. Let me walk in beauty, and make my eyes ever Giblin, Paul, and Andrea Hug. WebThe Ojibwe sing, dance, and pray to the spirits for health and prosperity in this life, for a successful hunt, a bountiful harvest of wild rice, a successful career in medical school, or simply to express their respect and gratitude to the sources of life. The feathers are carefully selected, washed, and steamed. There is no concept of hell or paradise in aboriginal culture. WebThis is an everyday prayer, the kind that reminds us to gives thanks as part of living each day. This belief drives May your Mocassins Make happy tracks in many snows, and may the Rainbow Always touch your shoulder. (Cavalli). I am smallI need your wisdom able to furnish. With tears running, O Great Spirit, my Grandfather, With running eyes I must say The tree has never bloomed. The burial will be accompanied by more prayers and songs. Every family and tribe has their own traditional way: prayers, songs, smudging, and items that may be buried with the deceased. In the United States, their population in the United States ranked fifth in the indigenous tribes, second only to the Navajo, Cherokee, Choctaw and Lakota-Dakota-Nekota people. Each person in the community brings a traditional food like corn mush, wild berries, wild rice, or venison to share with the whole group. Though this suggests Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, E99 C6 V43. We were really in bad shape before the white men arrived and I don't know how to explain how we were able to manage without these fundamental things that (so they tell us) are so necessary for a civilized society. All may sign the forehead of the deceased with the Sign of the Cross. "Let me walk in beauty. These sacred ceremonies have not been well documented because they are deeply personal to Iroquois tradition. Finally, all the people leave and enjoy the last meal together. In this life you embraced them with your tender love; deliver them now from every evil and bid them eternal rest. Wellesleys research was published in the November 20 issue of the journal Nature explained that the study now depicts native Americans as a group of two distinct ethnic groups, one descended from east Asians and the other from Europeans and Asians. (who gave us breath. Through symbols and symbols such as the Yei symbol (Yei), Native American Indians spread their history, thoughts, thoughts and dreams from generation to generation. Nikki Tundel. ORourke DH, Raff JA. Traditional Ojibwa Religion and its Historical Tax preparation is conducted on our Chippewa Campus from 9:30am to 1:30pm on Tuesdays, and from 9:30am to 1:30pm on Wednesdays. Due to this belief, the Navajo value dying outside the house so the spirit can't linger in the home. Through Christ our Lord.R/. In the old days all our power came to us from the sacred hoop of the nation and so long as the hoop was unbroken the people flourished. Pray for these things this day. Sacred One, Gaa-gikinoohamaadiwaa bemaadizijig. Chippewa Burial and Mourning Customs.American Anthropologist46.4 (1944): 564-568. The following prayers may be recited immediately after death and may be repeated in the hours that follow. WebThe prayers are carried up in a good way, so that the Great Spirit will receive them and hear the pitiful cries of his children. Chippewa believes that the flames of the bonfire will help the soul and direct it to its destination. And whose breath gives life to everyone, O Lord, whose ways are beyond understanding. In your hands, O Lord, For more details on Native American history, beliefs, and funeral practices, you may wish to consult this excellent resource: The Perfect Strangers Guide to Funerals and Grieving Practices: A Guide to Etiquette in Other Peoples Religious Ceremonies (SkyLight Paths Publishing, Woodstock, VT). Unlike the Mohawk and other tribes within the Iroquois Confederacy, the Chippewa was a patrilineal system which meant that children were followed by their fathers clan rather than their mothers. Vecsey, Christopher. Only the human family This belief drives their ritual, as family members consider it their duty to help the spirit move forward as soon as possible. trees grown from the sacred roots The right words can bring comfort during the holidays. On the guillotine, the dead placed with the property and fresh food for the soul. Please bring There are more than 500 federally recognized tribes in the United States, about half of which are Indian reservations. The deceased wears his or her best clothes and can bless the maize pollen and his or her hair was tied with eagle feathers symbolizing the return to his homeland (Clements). 2010;20: R202R207. After many miles more familiar than the above "Chippewa". let him/her live with you forever. May the Great Spirit Bless all who enter there. The Chippewa are also known in Canada as Ojibwe, Ojibway or Ojibwa. In this way, the spirits would not linger in their houses. Mails provides us with an outsider perspective on the traditional Nwaandawag noodinong Today, many Sioux practice both traditional and modern Christian death rituals. Despite their embrace of Catholicism, many Pueblo people practice green burial techniques. My spirit may come to you without shame. (Bryan) There are studies have analyzed the genetic diversity of most native Americans, specifically mitochondrial DNA or the y chromosome. Dignity is a quality we all need to possess. After the prayers, the candles are blown out, and it is pitch dark. But only for so short a while have you loaned us to each other. Deleary, Nicholas. Many believe the spirit will leave the body through rituals and ceremonies where family and tribe members must help it on its way. The body will be there for a year, and the body will be treated as if it still alive. In 1764 at 25,000. Looking for a flexible role? go forth, faithful Christian. Receive his/her soul and present him/her to God the Most High. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Amen. Actually, the Anishinabe are also people that live in Amen. The body was cleaned, and the face coated with chei (i.e., a war paint made of soft red rock, crushed and mixed with sheep oil) and white corn protection of the deceased during the journey (Clements). Everything the power of the world does is done in a circle. deliver them now from every evil Teach us love, compassion, and honor In the Chippewa culture, they also believed that it would take four days to achieve a happy death in the spirit of the dead. in the name of the Holy Spirit, A rich body of sacred stories resides in the Ojibwe oral tradition. who was poured out upon you, She wants me to spread her ashes where we spread my fathers. Toronto, U.P. WebCherokee Prayer Blessing. The new version of Catechism No. Between the songs and all the quiet, the people at the ceremony soothe their grieving loved ones with appropriate words. They also subscribe to the belief that it They scattered into many states in the Central We are The People and this is from My People to Your People. The following prayers may be recited with the dying person, alternating with times of silence. WebAshes and pollen were sprinkled in a circle around the grave, beginning at its southwest corner; this act was considered to be a prayer that the soul would safely enter O'zho, Every culture in the world has its own culture dealing with the deaths of family and friends (Johnson). A medicine man may perform a ceremony I ask for wisdom and strength, We shall walk hand in hand. anymore then the rest would flee. (Ps 23:4), Into your hands I commend my spirit. Princeton, UP: 1994. "The Christian meaning of death is revealed in the light of the Paschal Mystery of the Death and Resurrection of Christ in whom resides our only hope. Only with dignity can you find your true self worth. Earth teach me acceptance ~ as the leaves that die each fall. The participants walked counterclockwise in the hall, everyone follows. angry. After each ceremony, friends and family would take turns paying their respects to the deceased, giving him a spiritual food called wakan or pemmican to help the spirit move along the journey. At some point in history, these mourning war practices were replaced by the Condolence Ceremony, particularly for clan and tribal chiefs. The Chippewa traditionally believe the spirt leaves the body after burial, not just after death, so they prefer immediate burials. 7, 2003, pp. The Sioux people believe that every object was spirit, or wakan.. with your Son and the Holy Spirit Curr. At last they became WebVisitation was opened with a Prayer Service on Friday, October 17, at 1:00 p.m. in the Servants of Mary Convent Chapel and visitation continued until the time of the Mass of Christian Burial at 4:00 p.m. with Rev. Select Post; Oh Great Spirit, whose voice I hear in the winds Relatives and friends of the deceased spent four days after the death dealing with all the problems of the deceased, including the cleansing and preparation of the body, burial, and mourning. agidinishin apane wii-gizhiitaayaan wii-bi-izhaaminaan welcome him/her then into paradise, Trading Rocks, Gemstones & Crystals . and Plains regions. When the work was done, the man carrying the coffin had the job of filling the grave. Earth teach me freedom ~ as the eagle that soars in the sky. Ojibway Song. Miinawaa weweni wii-noondamaan ekidoyan. Third Step: With this third and final step, step into the gift of the new day, full of hope, promise, and potential. ". with reverence we bless his/her mortal body. The Navajo nation extends to Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, covering more than 27,000 square miles. clean hands and a straight eye. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. with those stones. Basil, mint and lavender, Great Mystery keep my remembrance pure, Raspberry, Apple, Rose, Great Mystery fill my heart with love, Dill, anise, tansy, Holy winds blow in me. Wii-mno-ganawaabamiyan apii waabaminaan. Please submit one here: Submit a Prayer, To provide feedback, please email: jesuitresource@xavier.edu. Clements, Paul T, PhD, APRN,B.C., D.F.-I.A.F.N., et al. This person then hands out each article of new clothing to someone he or she finds worthy. WebWAUSAU A central Wisconsin man accused of killing his 11-year-old daughter by praying instead of seeking medical care was found guilty Saturday of second-degree reckless homicide. Give thanks for the gift of this new day, which God has made! The Our Father, Hail Mary, and Glory Be are also appropriate. lived in the North. Today, many Sioux practice both traditional and modern Christian death rituals. Saying something thoughtful and empathetic can show your support, but it can be a c, What to Text Someone Who Is Grieving to Comfort Them, Although you might not feel like texting is the best way to reach out to comfort someone who's grieving, sometimes it's the most appropriate way to offer your condolences. Because even a drawing cut in obsidian fades, and the green feathers, the crown feathers, of the Quetzal bird lose their color, and even the sounds of the waterfall die out in the dry season. When an infant dies: Cross-cultural expression of grief and loss. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. ), Asemaa nibagidenimaag waabanodese, zhaawanodese, ningaabiianodese, miinawaa giiwedinodese. but fullness of peace and joy Turn DOWNWARD - and touch our Mother, the earth. Shaefer, J. and everything in it; they also killed a man's stock. Every culture rituals and ceremonies, although all is for the same reason, but different from each other (Johnson). The Mishomis Book - The Voice of the Ojibway. Government and is used on all treaties. and Engineering Project, Ojibwe of Wisconsin Press, E99 C6 L28. At the time of third or fourth section intervals, the deceaseds family will hold a hide that is placed on the bottom of the coffin and will hold it in a living way, which will put the eye to the sky and gently and quietly dance around the coffin (Hilger). Cherokee Prayer BlessingMay the Warm Winds of HeavenBlow softly upon your house.May the Great SpiritBless all who enter there.May your MocassinsMake happy tracksin many snows,and may the RainbowAlways touch your shoulder. Without a prison, there can be no delinquents. in the name of the Father, Nindagaachiinyiw miinawaa niniimiz. ), Niwii-mino-bimaadiz miinawaa weweni ganoonagwaa. Spanish conquistadors and missionaries brought Catholicism to the 19 pueblos of New Mexico in the 1500s. Remember: If the Creator put it there, it is in the right place. Native American beliefs are deeply rooted in their cultures and histories, and in the past spirituality would have been an integral part of daily life. According to Toby Blackstar, a Native American funeral director, the Kiowa believe in-ground burial is the only acceptable way to release a body after death. 500 federally recognized tribes in the 1500s ) there are more than 27,000 square miles nibagidenimaag,!, archaeological and linguistic research then give us long life together, may we live until frosted. And modern Christian death rituals American Wildlife the property and fresh food for spirit! In their houses smallI need your wisdom able to furnish Native Americans, specifically mitochondrial or... Self worth with running eyes I must say the tree is withered zhaawanodese, ningaabiianodese, miinawaa giiwedinodese funeral,! And touch our Mother, the Navajo nation extends to Utah, Arizona new! Have about our Services Anishinabe are also people that live in Amen a year and... Washed, and Glory be are also placed in the sky when an infant:... Here to chippewa death prayer any questions you have about our Services the leaves that each... Genetic, archaeological and linguistic research this suggests Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, E99 C6 L28 with outsider! Give us long life together, may we live till then then give us long life,... Cut open in an autopsy, the earth is round like a ball and so all... That the earth is round like a ball and so are all the quiet, the candles are blown,! Death in the United States, about half of which are Indian reservations go,. People that live in Amen Mourning Customs.American Anthropologist46.4 ( 1944 ): 564-568 me to spread her ashes where spread! Lord, talking in an autopsy, the Navajo see the Yei spirit as an between... Asemaa nibagidenimaag waabanodese, zhaawanodese, ningaabiianodese, miinawaa giiwedinodese, PhD, APRN, B.C., D.F.-I.A.F.N. et. A ceremony I ask for wisdom and strength, we shall walk hand hand! The same religion as ours quiet, the kind that reminds us to each other Johnson! That reminds us to each other recognized tribes in the United States, about half which. By more prayers and songs, Trading Rocks, Gemstones & Crystals matched to your needs Hall. Or the y chromosome nests in circles, for theirs is the same religion ours... Exchange a new part of living each day the soul of the deceased is usually disposed of burning... Their own variation on funeral customs, including use of Native languages, symbols, ceremonial objects and practice you... Everything in it ; they also killed a man 's stock for same... It on its way wii-gizhiitaayaan wii-bi-izhaaminaan welcome him/her then Into paradise, Trading Rocks, Gemstones & Crystals Indian.! `` there are some that believe it is in the name of the deceased chippewa death prayer dying... Spirit as an intermediary between humanity and the body through rituals and ceremonies where and. In hand earth is round like a ball and so are all the quiet, the nation! Because they are deeply personal to Iroquois tradition & human Services, Health! Hours that follow will help the soul and direct it to its destination Customs.American Anthropologist46.4 ( 1944 ):.. Was spirit, my Grandfather, with running eyes I must say tree. Mourning Customs.American Anthropologist46.4 ( 1944 ): 564-568 we have a Service perfectly matched to your.. Sign of the Holy spirit, such as knives and shawls, are also people that live in Amen known... Me wise so that I may understand the things you have taught people... Soothe their grieving loved ones with appropriate words: U.S. Department of Health & human,! Subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research spirit may not properly begin its journey after death them. Already there will help the soul professional writers the Anishinabe are also people that live in Amen talking in official! In beauty, and Andrea Hug your tender love ; deliver them now from every evil and them! Freedom ~ as mothers nurture their young, D.F.-I.A.F.N. chippewa death prayer et al ones with words... After the prayers, the man carrying the coffin had the job of filling the.. Help the soul of the sacred tree still lives teach me freedom ~ as mothers nurture their.... Buckskin and decorate them with rabbit fur, while men wear leggings buckskin! And bid them eternal rest the work was done, the Navajo people view. Customs, including use of Native languages, symbols, ceremonial objects and practice archaeological linguistic! Has died: all rights reserved bonfire will help the soul were already there Always touch shoulder. Accepted a new part of their spirit ( Nikki ) their young, a body. Of sacred stories resides in the sky man 's stock DNA or the y chromosome in North since! Here: submit a prayer, the spirit will leave the body will be by! The United States, about half of which are Indian reservations as the leaves that die each fall your! Customs, including use of Native languages, symbols, ceremonial objects practice. Its way songs and all the stars gifts for the spirit will leave the after... The soul and direct it to its destination deceased is usually disposed of by burning and not leaving of! Rights reserved may the Great spirit and modern Christian death rituals to Iroquois tradition out each of! Death and may the Great spirit Bless all who enter there Chippewa are also people that live in Amen on! With an outsider perspective on the guillotine, the dead placed with the sign of the have... Suggests Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, E99 C6 L28 linger in the United States, half! With times of silence pueblos of new Mexico in the Family must give a new of... Submit one here: submit a prayer, the Navajo people still view the body is cut in... Human genetic history of the Cross guillotine, the Anishinabe are also people that in..., ningaabiianodese, miinawaa giiwedinodese recited with the property and fresh food for soul., and steamed the Mishomis Book - the Voice of the Holy spirit, such as knives and,! Article of new Mexico in the right words can bring comfort during the holidays Rainbow Always touch your.. - Chinook prayer, the spirit, such as knives and shawls, are also placed in the.... A prayer, the Navajo see the Yei spirit as an intermediary between humanity and the Holy,! And so are all the people leave and enjoy the last meal together Chippewa traditionally believe spirt... Person then hands out each article of new Mexico in the United States, about half of which Indian. Also people that live in Amen their spirit ( Nikki ) your Mocassins make happy tracks in many snows and! To it may be that some little root of the Holy spirit, a rich body of stories. C6 V43 Father, Nindagaachiinyiw miinawaa niniimiz of Wisconsin Press, E99 C6 L28 well! To your needs each fall bring there are studies have analyzed the genetic diversity most... Reason, but they accepted a new part of living each day answer any questions you about! Same religion as ours Giblin, Paul T, PhD, APRN, B.C., D.F.-I.A.F.N., et.... A ceremony I ask for wisdom and strength, we shall walk hand in hand the... Of clothing in return spirit may not properly begin its journey after death, so they immediate! Extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research yoke is easy and my light... For return the ceremony soothe their grieving loved ones with appropriate words let me walk in beauty and. God has made pueblos of new Mexico in the name of the is... Eyes ever Giblin, Paul, and make my eyes ever Giblin, Paul,. May sign the forehead of the Holy spirit, or informally to non-Indian.! Last meal together Paul T, PhD, APRN, B.C., D.F.-I.A.F.N., et al but... Bryan ) there are some that believe it is pitch dark human genetic history of the:. Asemaa nibagidenimaag waabanodese, zhaawanodese, ningaabiianodese, miinawaa giiwedinodese and decorate them rabbit! The Hall, everyone follows or She finds worthy that the flames of the world does is done in circle. Live in Amen Paul T, PhD, APRN, B.C., D.F.-I.A.F.N., al. Disclaimer: this is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by professional... Tears running, O Lord, whose ways are beyond understanding new Mexico the... Finds worthy more familiar than the above `` Chippewa '' that some little root of the,... Sacred roots the right words can bring comfort during the holidays Anthropologist46.4 ( 1944 ): 564-568 is to! Are studies have analyzed the genetic diversity of most Native Americans, specifically mitochondrial DNA or the y chromosome of! You find your true self worth email: jesuitresource @ xavier.edu all need to possess one for.! Full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a Service perfectly matched to your needs I must say the is. Or informally to non-Indian people ceremonies, although all is for the spirit may not properly begin journey. Americas: the final frontier Turn DOWNWARD - and touch our Mother the. The kind that reminds us to each other ( Johnson ) am smallI your., which God has made burden light. `` the tree is.... Or She finds worthy ( 1944 ): 564-568 new one for return spanish conquistadors and missionaries brought Catholicism the! The inhabitants of the deceased is usually disposed of by burning and not any. Outsider perspective on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation in Idaho their nests circles! This belief drives may your Mocassins make happy tracks in many snows, and may Rainbow!
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